Membrane processes are a type of separation technology that use a semi-permeable membrane to separate components in a fluid mixture based on their size, shape, polarity, or other physical properties. These processes are commonly used in various industries such as water treatment, food and beverage production, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology. Membrane processes can be classified into different types, including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and membrane distillation. Each type of membrane process is used for specific applications based on the size of the particles or molecules that need to be separated. Membrane processes offer several advantages over traditional separation techniques, such as high efficiency, low energy consumption, and the ability to operate at ambient temperatures and pressures. These processes also produce high-quality products and minimize waste generation. Research in membrane processes focuses on developing new membrane materials with improved selectivity, permeability, and stability, optimizing operating conditions to enhance separation efficiency, and exploring new applications in emerging fields such as environmental remediation, energy production, and gas separation. Overall, membrane processes play a crucial role in various industries by enabling efficient separation and purification of different components in fluid mixtures.